Crime and Delinquency Subculture - 2061 Words

Crime and delinquency subculture reflects on culture patterns surrounding crime and juvenile delinquency. It is created not only by individuals, but as one culture, the American culture. Subculture is derivative of, but different from some larger referential cultures. This term is used to share systems of norms, values, individual, groups and the cultural system itself. Criminal or delinquent subcultures indicate systems of norms, values, or interest that support criminal or delinquent behavior. Thats why many juveniles are linked to the same criminal acts as youngsters. They tend to follow a pattern that is expected in their age group, like stealing. Young people experience their opportunity as being blocked out. They engage in†¦show more content†¦In contract to accounts of the origins of Western European youth cultures, Ko-lin Chin traces the development of Chinese youth delinquents in the United States to ancient secret society traditions, and to the more recent Triad societies that formed in the late seventeenth century in China ( 1996). The violence and crime among the Chinese youth in the U.S did not increase dramatically until immigration laws permitted more. While the origins of delinquent subcultures may reside in ancient times, the formation can be explained in macro-level. All macro-level theories make certain assumptions about the individual level of explanation. By documenting the ongoing relationship and actions of an individual or group, one can analyze the process of macro-levels of explanation. According to differential association theory, interactions with other and social structural context are important because they shape the learning of violent definitions, which in turn affects the like hood that youths engage in violent delinquency (Hawkins 1998). Delinquents behave violently because they want to win acceptance by older criminals.Show MoreRelatedTheory of Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of delinquency Deviant sub-cultural theories of crime focus on subcultures, i.e. groups within wider society with norms, lifestyles and values distinct from those of mainstream society. The focus in sub-cultural theories is on delinquency. In the UK, a preoccupation with the idea that future crime was determined by juvenile delinquency came about as a result of the 1895 UK Gladstone Committee, wherein research focused on gang culture among young males (aged 16-25). Deviance is perceivedRead MoreThe Cultural Theory Of Crime And Violence1515 Words   |  7 PagesDefined, a subculture is a culture that exists within the main dominant culture of a society. Therefore, members of a subculture will have different norms and values to those in the rest of society, which in turn could lead to them being seen as deviant because of this. Youth subcultures provide members with an identity that sits outside of that assigned by social foundations such as family, school, home and work. Participants of a subculture often make people aware of their membership by makingRead MoreYouth Deviance Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition can mean a variety of different things. Critically examine the theory of deviance with reference to young people and their membership in deviant subcultures or gangs. Deviance is associated with young people today and is rapidly on the increase within the street and school environment. Young deviants are engaging in gang membership and subcultures with a means of social belonging, social interest and ethnic identity. There are several sociological and subcultural theories which deem to explainRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Functionalist Explanation of Crime.1442 Words   |  6 Pagessees the source of crime and deviance located in the structure of society. Although crime and deviance might be stigmatised in society, some sociologist think it is important to have it occur and there are some benefits to it. Durkheim (1982) argued that crime is an inevitable feature of social life, because individuals are composed to different influences and circumstances, and so not everyone can be equally committed to the shared values and moral beliefs of society. Despite crime and deviance’s threatRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Cultural Deviance Theory1325 Words   |  6 PagesThis was groundbreaking principle that focus on quality of life crimes the plagued cities across the nation. It was based on the belief that breakdown of the physical appearance of a community will have a direct effect on the increase in deviant behaviors such as vandalism and crime. The criminology of place also lead to an idea that a members of a community can regain influence by increasing observations of areas that enhance delinquency with actual and meaningful hurdles for criminals. The conceptRead MoreDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal behavior, but a holistic (general) theory of crime attempts to explain all forms of criminal behavior through a single approach.There are four examples of a holistic (general) theory of crime John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration, Gottfredson and Hirschi s General theory of crime, Sue Weaver Multi-paradigm Theory, and Robert Agnew’s General Theory of crime and delinquency. John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration is based on a fully integratedRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthe author will be drawing up on three different criminological theories and how they can explain crime and criminal behaviour differently. There is no universal definition of crime that gives a simple and straight forward definition. Crime is a constantly changing idea that changes due to the persons perceptions of what they would classify as ‘crime’ and what is regarded as criminal behaviour (crim e and criminology). There is also no straightforward way of explaining what criminal behaviour is, asRead MoreBiological Determinism, Subculture Crime And Conflict Theories1652 Words   |  7 Pagestheories that will be looked at in order to provide a sufficient report for the judge on what caused Albert to enter a life of crime which culminated in his conviction for murder are; biological determinism, ecological determinism, subculture crime and conflict theories. Biological determinism One of the best known application of biological determinism in relation to crime is from Cesare Lombroso who â€Å"Viewed criminals as suffering from a depravity caused by an atavistic reversion:† In other wordsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency, A And Violent Criminal Activities1530 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Analytical Essay In the country we live in today the number of juvenile delinquents in America has grown rapidly. There are many different theories on why society may think juveniles commit crimes. Some believe it can be due to that lack of attention or their low self-esteem and even the lack of support they receive from their parents. Delinquency is found in all nations and is particularly popular in highly industrialized nations that tend to have large cities. Delinquency is alsoRead MoreSubcultural Inequality Theory921 Words   |  4 Pagessubcultural delinquency. 2-Diffential Opportunity Theory: Developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin by utilizing Merton’s observation to explain that conventional means to conventional success are not equally distributed among social classes and that criminal behavior is learned and culturally transmitted. There is an opportunity in the United States to achieve through education for society members but many people think it’s unachievable or unavailable. 3-Subculture of violence: A subculture of violence

Merck’s Risky Bet on Research Free Essays

While Kenneth Frazier worked liability suits for Merck, he caught the company’s attention and they hired him in 1992. By 1999 Frazier was appointed Merck’s general counsel. Merck saw that Frazier had several good personality traits and values that would benefit their organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Merck’s Risky Bet on Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kenneth Frazier is a very hard-working man and has been taught not to fail and to push himself to excellence. Frazier has always pushed himself to always do better, he has never just settled. Frazier likes to take risks to see how far he can push himself and to see what he can accomplish. Frazier has a very high self-esteem and a need for achievement. Under the five big personality traits, Frazier best fits under openness to experience. He is willing to take risks and is daring and open minded. I believe one of the most important terminal values to Frazier is a sense of accomplishment. Even though, there are several terminal values that I believe are important to Frazier, I feel this is the most important. Frazier lost his mother at a very young age and was raised by his hard-working father. His father taught him to work equally as hard and to always strive for excellence. Frazier believes that at work he should never back down and always strive for more, and that you must work hard to accomplish everything you want. This especially showed when Merck found their drug Vioxx was doubling the risk of heart attach and strokes and Frazier fought each case instead of taking the easy way out and negotiating settlements. Frazier won 11 of the 16 cases. Frazier was determined to win and he did. Frazier gets pleasure from achieving his goals and enjoys the social recognition that he gets by winning his cases. Instrumental values are just as important as terminal values. The most instrumental value that stands out in Frazier is his ambition. Frazier is not only hard working but understands what it takes to achieve his goals. A few of the other instrumental values that I feel are important to Frazier are being responsible, polite, and daring. Working as a litigator or in management you will not always be liked. At times people will go against you and not agree with what you are doing. Frazier is daring as he goes against others but when he must go against others he does it respectfully and politely so he can get others to take his side and agree with him. Frazier has some very important personality traits that will help him influence Merck’s culture in his role as CEO. Frazier’s openness to experience gives him the ability to have an open mind and the ability to take risk that will allow him to move the company forward. Frazier also has the ability as CEO to mentor other managers to achieve the company’s goals. After watching Frazier handle some of Merck’s liability suites, the company decided that Frazier would be a valuable asset. Merck could see that Frazier had some very important personality traits that could benefit their company. How to cite Merck’s Risky Bet on Research, Papers

Best Stock Valuation Method

Question: Whether or not it is possible for someone to develop a Stock-valuation Model that will consistently beat the market? Answer: There is no perfect or particular valuation model that can clearly depict the value of stocks of an entity. There are a wide number of methods available for valuing stocks. Major of them are absolute and relative valuation model. The work of absolute valuation model is to calculate the intrinsic value of any stock. This is done by having a look over the basic things such as dividends, cash flow and growth rate. Analysis is done in isolation. There are four models Dividend Discount Discounted Cash Flow Residual Income Asset Based Under relative valuation method the results of more than one entity is compared with other entities. The model under this method is Price to Earnings Ratio. The outcome of one is compared with the other and then it is decided whether the company is progressing or not The factor based on which we can apply or not a particular model on a company depends on the circumstances and the characteristics of a company. We have to identify that model which best suits the company. Further one should not stick to one particular model. Instead he or she should use more than one method in valuing stocks. This will provide a range of possible solutions and he or she can average the outcomes from different methods. (Joseph Nguyen, ND) Reference: Joseph Nguyen, ND, How to Choose the best stock valuation method, viewed on 26th January 2015 available at https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/11/choosing-valuation-methods.asp Jae Jun, 2012, How to value stocks using 7 proven valuation models viewed on 26th January 2015 available at https://www.oldschoolvalue.com/blog/valuation-methods/valuation-matters-7-ways-value-stocks/ Stockopedia, ND, Relative and intrinsic valuation models: 5 Key Methods viewed on 26th January 2015 available at https://www.stockopedia.com/content/relative-and-intrinsic-stock-valuation-5-key-methods-63598/

Stop Pollution a Way of Saving Earth Essay Example

Stop Pollution: a Way of Saving Earth Paper Ways to Stop Pollution Meaning unclear However, there are still people who do not realize the effects of pollution to everyones omit generalized terms life and health until these days in which many nations are experiencing natural disasters such as, change punctuation to colon flash floods, landslide, and global warming and nature extinction. In order to prevent these natural disasters from destroying our planet, pollution should be surmounted. Be specific. Answer these questions when forming thesis: who, what, where, when and why? What type of pollution? For whom? Within the parameters of this short essay, create a clear and defined thesis statement. When people say pollution, it does not only represent one aspects awkward harassing but it occurs in three types: land, water, and air. The effects of pollution can be so destructive; however, there are ways to prevent these three types of pollution: Narrow to focus on one facet of pollution? Delve into this type of pollution throughout the essay? Land pollution is the destruction of land affecting the land resources and crops including corn, wheat, and rice. In addition to this, it also weakens roots of big trees and some plantation; it happens when people dispose their thrash word choice? Irresponsibly. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Pollution: a Way of Saving Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Pollution: a Way of Saving Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Pollution: a Way of Saving Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In land pollution, thrash, especially plastic ND metal cans, bury on soil awkward phrasing but they do not easily decompose. Soil obtains the harmful chemicals from these non- biodegradable materials insert comma weakening and destroying any plantation. The pace is rapid -? slow the pace and explore this topic further. In addition to this, illegal logging also contributes to land pollution. The result of this pollution is visible in a form of landslide. Since roots of the trees are weakening due to plastics chemicals meaning unclear, the roots have weak hold on the soil, awkward phrasing which allow the soil awkward phrasing to bud. In order to prevent this in happening awkward phrasing, a responsible disposing of thrash should be done. Biodegradable materials can be buried on a composite pit, meaning unclear but non-biodegradable material should be reuse, reused? And recycled. Next to land pollution is water pollution. Meaning unclear Water pollution is mostly cause caused by factories that dispose their chemical wastes on seas or any body of water. Awkward sentence structure This act destroys coral reefs that helps maintain the purity Of the waters as well as protection Of aquatic animals that human consumes. Awkward phrasing On the other hand, not only factories contribute in destroying water bodies, awkward phrasing but as well as citizens who live near waters by, again, disposing their waste irresponsibly on rivers; small marine animals mistaken these wastes as food, hence poisoning them. Awkward sentence structure A wise way to help improving the cleanliness of the water awkward phrasing is to create an association that maintains oceans, seas, or rivers to collect the thrash they find on the shore, before any marine animals could get harmed. Awkward phrasing Lastly is air pollution. Sentence fragment Burning of plastic and using appliances are some of the major causes of air pollution. Sentence fragment Burning of plastic and appliances such as, refrigerator and air conditioner, release chlorofluorocarbon (CUFF) reacting with the chemical composition of the ozone layer creating a hole on it. Sentence fragment This result to the thinning of the ozone layer, awkward phrasing hence making human more exposed to the harmful ultraviolet rays emerging from the sun.

Why Is It Better to Buy a Powerpoint

Why Is It Better to Buy a Powerpoint If its difficult for you to make a Powerpoint presentation here is a solution to your problem. 5 Reasons to Buy a Powerpoint Going to  college  is a lot of work. You have a lot of material that you have to  study  in a short amount of time. The workload increases with the number of classes you are taking in school. Oftentimes, many  students  find themselves getting overwhelmed with trying to keep up with everything. One of the more common assignments in school is to make a PowerPoint presentation. To do so, you have to take  notes  on all of the important aspects you want to cover in your presentation. You then need to be able to back up your slides with strong content, visuals, and examples. Your audience needs to understand the message you are trying to convey. Read more:  Best Note-Taking Strategies While this might be easy for some, others find themselves struggling to be able to get even the first slide down. They sit there staring at the screen in the hopes that something is going to click and it is going to start flowing. Unfortunately, it never happens. They end up sitting there procrastinating and dont get it done on time. Next thing they know they have a bad grade in the class all because they didnt take the necessary actions to prevent it from happening.  Dont let the process intimidate you when there are people you can turn to for help and guidance. Thats when they turn to the help of an online service to buy a PowerPoint presentation for their  college  class. Check out some of the following benefits to going online and placing an order for a PowerPoint presentation today. 1. References are taken from current sources you can trust Since you often need to provide sources for your PowerPoint presentation, you want to make sure those sources are as current as possible. While some people have no problem finding reliable sources, others cant seem to find even one. When you order a PowerPoint presentation online, you dont have to worry about a thing. These individuals know right where to look to find the information that you need for your presentation. You can rest assured that your presentation is going to have only the most trusted and reliable sources. 2. All professionals are native English speakers One of the things that many people worry about when it comes time to buy a PowerPoint presentation is the language and grammar used. They want to make sure that everything is spelled properly, grammatically correct and all punctuation is in order. When you trust in a team of leading experts, that wont be a problem. You receive quality work written by English speaking professionals, so you can trust it is done correctly. 3. Presentations are made by degreed professionals When you buy a PowerPoint presentation online, you arent going to get some other  college  student  trying to make a few bucks working on your project. You are going to get someone who has already completed their  college  degree and knows what it takes to make a presentation that is going to awe the teacher and get you the  grade  that you want. 4. Everything is checked for plagiarism When you pay for a presentation from a leading company, you can trust that all work is original and free from plagiarism. These individuals didnt go out there and copy and paste the information into your presentation and call it a day. They researched the topic thoroughly and made sure you got original content on each and every slide. 5. You get free revisions In the event you need something changed on your presentation, you can take advantage of the revision process without ever having to pay anything more out of your pocket. This guarantees that you are going to get the results you want at a price that works for you. Instead of stressing yourself out over how you are going to get your presentation done in time, head online and  place an order  for a PowerPoint presentation  to save yourself a lot of hassles and headaches. While someone else does the work for you, you can focus on other things more important in school and your personal life.

360 Degree Feedback In Developing Leadership Skills Management Essay

360 Degree Feedback In Developing Leadership Skills Management Essay There is a great deal of controversy about the relevancy of using 360-degree feedback as a tool to develop leadership skills. Some view 360-degree feedback as a collaborative tool, a tool offering a more balanced circle of feedback based on the assessments of superiors, peers, and subordinates. These views lead me to wonder, how effective can this tool be if it does not factor in â€Å"leadership styles† and the potential for bias based on â€Å"popularity?† Will personality and popularity play a role in the assessment? Though extreme, there is some merit to my position. This realization guided me to my decision that 360-degree feedback is an effective tool to provide self assessment and can also be used to enhance performance measures during annual counseling such as leadership, communication, and mission effectiveness. Background The underlying theory of 360-degree feedback asserts that an assessment received from multiple sources provides unique and meaningful infor mation to the recipient. Rapid growth of its use was fueled by the need to adapt to a changing human resources management environment and by numerous studies that supported the effectiveness of multi-source ratings in post-feedback management development. A significant complaint of the traditional performance appraisal system voiced by services is that feedback is generally one-sided and can lack objectivity. In the 1940s, the Army implemented a tool called the multi-rater system, also known as the multisource assessment process.   [ 1 ]   The multi-rater system allows a person’s evaluation to encompass reviews from not only a rater, but also a person’s subordinates, peers, clients, and organizational hierarchy. This allows a reviewer to get a more complete picture of a person and removes a singular rater from being able to determine the fate of a career. If an officer’s boss dislikes a subordinate, but he gets top marks from everyone else, it puts the bossà ¢â‚¬â„¢s review in context, and would likely generate questions from the senior rater over the rating ability of the boss. In 2006, the Navy tested a prototype model of the 360-degree feedback process in the Surface Warfare Community. Similar to Army results, the Navy prototype showcased a strength of the 360-degree feedback process is its ability to provide varying perspectives of raters. The Navy prototype findings also emphasized that a supervisor cannot observe all the interactions, strengths and opportunities for improvement of his subordinates for evaluation reports, especially if the span of control is broad.   [ 2 ]   So why should the supervisor be the only person to provide performance feedback? Discussion A major advantage to the 360-degree feedback process is that it provides an opportunity for people with whom a person comes into frequent contact to offer feedback. This is an important consideration because the rater should be the person that has observed the employ ee on a frequent basis. It would be unfair and impractical to ask a rater for input when the opportunity to observe an employee’s skills, talents and abilities have not been provided on a regular basis. Let’s look at two examples of 360-degree feedback in action; first let’s look at an Army Captain who serves as a signal officer in an infantry battalion. His rater is the Battalion Executive Officer, a combat-arms officer, who does not know much about communication other than how to operate a radio. If the signal officer performs his job well, the XO will likely give him a reasonably favorable review on a traditional Evaluation Review. Now let’s use a 360-degree feedback process and involve his higher-echelon counterpart, the Brigade S6 Officer, who is a Major and a signal officer, who gives the Captain an excellent rating based on his technical proficiency. If we involve his section, they can comment on his leadership, management style and his ability to explain complex technical issues in plain English. His peers in the battalion, other captains and the company commanders, all give him high marks for working with them to resolve communication issues. Now the 360-degree feedback process is given to his senior rater, the Battalion Commander, who now has a more complete view of this officer and how he has performed based on additional feedback from numerous sources, rather than the traditional counseling from one rater that would have communicated a generic, but reasonably positive review.

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC Essay

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC TRILOGY - Essay Example Dissociative disorders may be thought of in terms of adaptation. The dissociative response to stress has served an adaptive role in the patient's life in the past in that it has protected the person against the full-blown impact of intense emotional pain and trauma. By the time someone with dissociative problems is in treatment or is seen by an occupational therapist, the dissociate is no longer adaptive. It interferes with the person's ability to face and cope with reality, and thus with the ability to function. The purpose of occupational therapy treatment for patients with dissociative disorders is twofold. Patients need first to recognize their fear of experiencing emotions and begin to allow and accept their feelings. They need to recognize formerly traumatic events that hold many conflicting, painful feelings for them. Occupational therapy and expressive and cognitive media can aid in individual's exploration toward self-awareness. Second, occupational therapy can help people learn new functional ways of coping when their fears interfere with functioning and daily life. The acknowledgement and acceptance of painful emotions can be very frightening for patients with dissociative disorders who understandably may have a difficult time choosing to face their difficult realities over choosing a more familiar and comfortable escape. It takes time and the development of a trustworthy therapeutic relationship for patients to be willing to risk this change. Part of "accepting" feelings involves learning more effective ways to cope with the accompanying pain rather than escaping into the altered reality or different personality. This involves, first, learning to recognize personal patterns of dissociation - in other words, when, where, how and under what circumstances dissociation tends to occur - in order to avoid using these old patterns when stress increases. Second, it involves relearning and learning specific new strategies for coping with stresses that may have induced the person to dissociate in the first place. The integrating of personalities means that some personalities will no longer exist as separate and distinct. Alters typically perform specific, compartmentalized functions. Talents and skills that may have resided with one alter may thus be lost, resulting in a loss of familiar ways of coping. Therefore, the newly integrated individual may have much to relearn. An individual will typically have learned to dissociate to the exclusion of learning other, adaptive ways of coping. In this case, unfamiliar new ways of coping must be learned and new roles may have to be taken over and learned by the remaining personality or personalities. Occupational therapists, in conjunction with other members of the treatment team, can assist patients with dissociative disorders in all the ways described in the succeeding sections of the paper. The Therapeutic Approach Occupational Therapists can aid the therapy team by gathering historical information. This may often be expressed through a nonverbal medium (art, drawing, sculpting, and crafts) and thus is more likely to be facilitated in the occupational therapy process than in other therapies. Through the same process, occupational therapists can learn general information about specific alter personalities such as their names, ages, reasons why they were created and functions they serve for the

Organisational creativity enterpreneurship and innovation Essay

Organisational creativity enterpreneurship and innovation - Essay Example management attitudes, values and climate)† (Pauline, n.d, P. 1). Company A primarily functions as a drug testing research centre, therefore, the business requires scientific approach. There has been an increased competition in the last two years in this industry and, thus, if creativity and innovation is not adopted at the appropriate time then the competitors will surpass company A. Creativity and innovation in Company A is governed by some factors, which are mainly, a vision to create new products and services in order to capture new markets, adopting a systematic process in order to boost creativity, focusing on the present customer needs as well as future demands. Innovation is based on strong leadership skill in company A. â€Å"Reward and recognition system for teams that take measured risks and experiment† (Creativity and Innovation in Business, 2011, P. 35). Creativity and innovation in company A is needed in order to generate new ideas, which is very important f or surviving competition and pushing the business over new boundaries. â€Å"The focus of group creativity research has been on comparing the group ideation process with individual ideation† (Thompson, et al. 2006, P. 75). ... â€Å"For example, using ratings by employees of the overall innovation of their own R&D laboratories, Paolillo and Brown (1978) found positive cor- relations for innovation with autonomy, information flow, creativity, re- wards, and training† (Richard, et al. n.d, P.14). Therefore, Company A has transformed itself from a small enterprise consisting of six employees to an organization which has been taken over by Quotient Bio research Ltd and has a turnover of more than 10 million pounds and is now, a part of the World doping agency. 2 How can creativity and innovation be stimulated, supported and sustained: If the organizations have to step up to the mark of organizational revolutions happening in the 21st century, the only thing that can help in serving the purpose is facilitating creativity and innovation. For simulating, supporting and sustaining the organizational creativity and innovation and entrepreneurship, the main role is assigned to leadership and human resource ma nagement and development section. But the current system lacks such efficient ideas needed for promotion. Researching from the psychological perceptive, emphasizing on individual characteristics, cognitive and social processes, we can define creativity as the generation of original and useful ideas. On the other hand, innovation is the exploitation of the creative ideas, from sociological, economical and organizational perspectives. There are many theories supporting creativity, some of which are: Psychodynamic theory: This approach refers to the ideas arising from unconscious thoughts of individuals and later relating to conscious matters by various processes. According to physiologist Sigmund Freud, creativity arises from tension

Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Public Policy Essay Public Administration always needs funding for various aspects throughout many realms.   From grants to sidewalk repair to going green in residential homes to starting up a business and educational grants.   There are also, as we are currently seeing,   monies coming from the federal government for stimulus payments to US citizens and as proposed by our new President Elect Obama there are policies in the making for a permanent stimulus or tax rebate due to excessive oil prices and changes in healthcare.    The one thing with the majority of the monies being spoken of is that so much comes from the federal government.   This precludes any monies the states may have or have already spent, as in the end they also receive monies from federal agencies. So here we see a vicious circle of all these people needing money for one reason or another, they spend what they have, apply for grants from the federal government, the federal government says hey ok but in the end, what do we do when the federal government runs out of money?   What do states do when there is no money left to be tapped?   Do they droll at another department because that department may have the monies to continue further? Let us start with the liquor tax.   Currently the taxation goes like this; the federal government gets approximately 10% of each gallon depending on the proof or volume manufactured (each state seems to vary) of the alcohol.   The higher the proof, the more the taxes they receive.   The state on the other hand receives a much higher revenue from the tax (State Liquor Tax Rates-2008).   Each state has different programs in which the taxes collected helps finance.   The federal government should take only a specified amount, a flat tax from each state for both alcohol and tobacco and keep tally on which states they obtain these taxes from and how  much.   When these individual states run out of their own taxed revenue then when they apply for a grant, the grant acceptance and money distribution is then taken from the coffers of the federal government based upon the taxes already received into the hands of the federal government.   This keeps those federal tax dollars fo cused in one area instead of spread all over the board.   If states run out of money from the federal government through this specified mean then the balloting of measures asking for the public in general to vote on a new tax for this reason, should be implemented. Some states have public lottery games or gambling which is allowed in public places, of course with age allowances in place.   The federal government has their hands in this pie as well.   I believe that the federal government should step away and not collect taxes on this except maybe through an individual tax return, and allow the states to keep and maintain this taxation as sole entities with a fiscal report as to where these tax dollars are spent.   In addition, taxes collected on gambling should be distributed to the same entities each yr without prevail or each year change their entities of who these taxes go to, to help finance.   This would be akin to alternating weekends of work in the general public forum. Let us go a bit more local.   Each county has their county has their own form of taxation and ways to obtain revenue.   These counties should work together more as a team than what they currently do.   Instead of them allocating their funds to only the departments within (i.e. city tax on water only for water line improvement) they should all pool their monies together.   There  should be a strict fiscal plan in place that determines how much money goes where and for what.   Each department of the county should be made each year to make an honest analysis of what they will need to further any improvements that are necessary and not frivolous and based upon that information, this will determine what departments get what.   Maybe the courthouse has an upcoming need to repair a bathroom where as the dump wants a wall around their facility to improve aesthic purposes.   Which is more important?   This should be obvious.   What if the county sheriff’s department needs to have additional law enforcement but has a lack of cars?   Instead of being allowed to buy the new cars each year, cut the rate of cars bought in half and put two people to each car.   This may only mean the savings from not buying 2 or 3 cars but each dollar helps. In the end, the county has a complete record of where all the money goes to and they have all worked together as a team and not against each other due to politics and there may also be more money left over at the end of each year which will definitely lessen the amount of money asked for from the federal government. Healthcare is a big issue.   Public policy should simply enforce specific financial capping rules as to what the healthcare industry can charge for their costs, this is to include doctors and providers of insurance alike.  Ã‚   If these two entities can work together as a team regarding services, payments and insurance under more strict federal guidelines of what can be charged for these instances, then this would make these two entities work more closely together. All in all, each department of each state, county and city that implements a tax, part of each department should also allocate a small percentage of the tax revenue to a general fund for emergencies or unseen departments that may suddenly need additional fund.   This General fund should also be exhausted before applying for federal grants. Some may consider this a socialistic view regarding public administration and maybe it is, but if so then take a look into Canada’s or Europes socialization and compare these two to the country of America.   Which one is better off in the long run.   If you can determine that (and it isn’t the USA) then you can determine that they are doing something more correct.

The Wife of His Youth Essay -- Charles Chestnutt The Wife of His Youth

The Wife of His Youth In Charles Chestnutt’s â€Å"The Wife of His Youth,† Liza Jane is a woman who is determined to find her long lost husband, Sam Taylor. When he ran away from slavery and escaped up north, he left his wife behind. He changed his name to Mr. Ryder, to forget his past with slavery. Soon he became involved with a group called the Blue Veins, which were a group of people who believed in the preservation of light skinned blacks. In this group he was known as the dean. The Blue Vein society thought that dark skinned blacks were dirt and ignorant. Many years went by and Liza still felt that Sam was in love with her and that they would be back together. Liza was determined to find Sam. She searched for twenty-five years first going to many southern cities. Everywhere she wen...

Globalization Is Good

Globalization is a term used to describe the political, economic and cultural climate of today’s world. Some say it is the movement of people, language, ideas, and products around the world. Others see it as the dominance of multinational corporations and the destruction of cultural identities. Since the dawn of man, economies have been changing and expanding, but most importantly, converging. In recent years, although economic convergence has been occurring for ages, this idea has become a hot topic of political and economic debate.However one chooses to describe it, globalization is surrounded with controversy. With a discussion on globalization comes a set of competing views. Is globalization a force for economic growth, prosperity, and democratic freedom? Or is it a force for environmental devastation, exploitation of the developing world, and suppression of human rights? These two different views will be covered in this essay. The paper is divided into three different sec tions: the first one depicts the advantages of globalization. The second section provides a discussion about the treats or short-comings brought by globalization.The last part will explore the myths about globalization. 2 Globalization is a positive trend 2. 1Globalization’s Benefits for the World As we move further and further into the twenty-first century, the more clearly we are seeing the advantages of globalization. It has unlimited economic, technical, social and cultural benefits for developing countries. Globalization can mean sharing technological know-how, such as better methods of farming, or it can mean building roads or a dam to give people access to clean water or electricity. In a statistical analysis, globalization proves to have many advantages.During the 20th century global per capita GDP increased almost fivefold, the flow of private capital sharply increased, and technological innovation occurred. These are the factors of globalization and also the factors that sustain and improve standard of living. Standard of living is the most accurate measurement of a nation’s well-being. From 1960 to 1999, the infant mortality rate in Mexico dropped from 93 to 29. The life expectancy for the Chinese citizen increased from average 36 to 70 years.Even the countries of sub-Saharan Africa made improvements in infant mortality, life expectancy, and adult literacy. Everyone gains from globalization. The advantages of globalization also can be seen in the internet. Now, it is possible to have global communication. Someone in Africa can talk to someone in Canada in real time. Or, someone in the United States can email a friend in India and have it arrive in their mailbox in less than one minute. The transmission of information over the internet is making people who live in underdeveloped countries aware of what is possible.The advantages of globalization mean that news is transmitted around the world as it happens. It is a lot harder to keep peo ple in the dark about events happens in the rest of the world. The advantages of globalization on the international economy are substantial. Countries can invest in one another, loan money to one another, and develop trade with other countries. Businessmen can sell their goods in new foreign markets. The more goods that are sold, the more jobs are created. Even in economic difficulties, the world is a better place because the global market is more open and free.The movement of freedom and democracy is another one of the advantages of globalization. The world is becoming closer; all human beings share the earth with one another. It brings about cooperation in trying to make the earth a better place to live. The ultimate goal of globalization is the peace of the world–all countries becoming accepting of one another and the diversity of cultures and beliefs that exists in the world. Globalization can go beyond economic concerns to address such other issues as the environment.Whe ther it be disappearing forests, global warming, fishing laws, or helping to save endangered species of animals, people working together in a global way can have far-reaching consequences. 2. 2 The Shortcomings of Protectionism The shortcomings of protectionism can be highlighted through the basic and logical principles of free trade and comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the idea that two parties are both better off by specializing in the production of the product that they can produce for a comparatively cheaper opportunity cost and then trading at a rate which brings surplus to both parties.For example, the United States has a comparative advantage in producing services and highly skilled labor activities; therefore, the U. S. should produce highly skilled services and import other goods and services from nations that can produce them more cheaply. It is difficult to accept the fact that manufacturing, agricultural, and other such jobs will leave the United States an d go to India, China, Russia, etc. , but one must recognize that the United States economy as a whole benefits.Comparative advantage admits to the protectionists that a few jobs are lost, but different jobs are created and the economic well-being is improved. Trade, free from tariffs, extends a nation’s surplus. Exporting and importing both have the power to hurt and benefit consumers and producers, but both yield a greater total surplus. For example, the U. S. may import bananas from Brazil because Brazilian bananas are a cheaper price than U. S. domestic bananas. At the new price, consumers gain a considerable area of surplus and producers lose some, but the total magnitude of surplus increases.When countries implement tariffs and anti-globalizing and protectionist policies, they suffer an efficiency loss, as well as a smaller surplus than trade without barriers. Brazilian producers, without tariff, enjoy a large increase in surplus, while the country’s domestic cons umers do have a small loss. Comparative advantage and trade keep economic growth. Without economic growth, the United States would lose its power on the global playing field and its standard of living. 3 Globalization is a threat to the developing countries 3. 1 The Increasing Number of UnemployedThe most important disadvantage of globalization is the increasing number of the unemployed. After the industrial revolution, some countries became a power in industry. However production decreased and so unemployment was raised in the other countries. Another reason of the unemployment rise is that the need of less manpower. Many workers found themselves suddenly unemployed, as could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited work to produce more product than a single worker. 3. 2 Cultural invasion Another major damage of globalization is that some cultures are getting lost.The cultures of the countries that have more economic power are more dominant than others . Because, wealthy countries produce many things that can affect cultures, for example, clothes, movies and technologic products. While the global community is increasing, more and more people have became ignorant about social, ethical and moral values which are various in certain groups. Therefore, globalization damages small cultures which are in risk of being extinct. 3. 2 difficulty of competition The final significant effect of globalization is the difficulty of competition.With globalization, trade between the countries has been started to remove limits. Enterprises have prepared the ground to be in constant competition with not only national competitors but also international competitors. Therefore, business requires being in a more rigorous and challenging competitive atmosphere to maintain continuity and development. Rising of monopole companies and trough among production costs are the main effects of this hard competition in business. Undeveloped countries choose to use f oreign capital for their improvement however it disposes the equality and stability instead. . 3 Unparalleled Growth and Inequality in Economy and Society It must be recognized that there is great opposition to globalization due to the fact that some of the data points to globalization as a force which allows for unparalleled growth and inequality economically and socially.Globalization, as an impeller of capitalization, threatens the growth and prosperity of developing nations. The idea that â€Å"the faster poor countries open their economic boarders and deregulate their markets, the faster they’ll experience the benefits of economic growth† is open to criticism. Hodari, 2002) The link between poverty and globalization is evident by the widening gap between the privileged elite and the deprived masses. â€Å"The world’s 497 billionaires in 2001 have a combined wealth of $1. 54 trillion, well over the combined gross national products of all the nations of sub- Saharan Africa ($929. 3 billion) or those of the oil-rich regions of the Middle East and North Africa ($1. 34 trillion). It is also greater than the combined incomes of the poorest half of human. †(Shah, 2005) The increase in the gap between the classes has been widening for a long time.The IMF reports that the most recent World Economic Outlook studied 42 countries, representing almost 90 percent of world population, for which data are available for the entire 20 century. It reached the conclusion that output per capita has risen a little bit but that the distribution of income among countries has become more unequal than at the beginning of the century. One reason that globalization is often blamed for the growing inequity in wealth distribution is that debt repayment in developing countries has been linked to poverty.Institutions like The IMF and the World Bank lend money to less developed countries under the condition that the countries adjust policies and cut social expen ditures. â€Å"The developing countries now spend $13 for every $1 it receives in grants†. (Shah, 2005) In addition, LCD’s accept development aid in exchange for policy intervention. The developed nations institute policies which open free markets and trade in the LDC, the imports brought into the country often lead to the decline in the export of primary commodities. The 48 poorest countries account for less than 0. 4 per cent of global exports. †(Shah, 2005)These circumstances have increased poverty in many developing countries. 4 Myths about globalization No discussion of globalization would be complete without remove some of the myths that have been built up around it: Globalization has not caused the world’s multinational corporations to simply search the globe for the lowest-paid laborers.There are numerous factors that enter into corporate decisions on where to produce products, including the supply of skilled labor, economic and political stability , the local infrastructure, the quality of institutions, and the overall business climate. In an open global market, while jurisdictions do compete with each other to attract investment, this competition incorporates factors well beyond just the wage level. According to the UN Information Service, the developed world has two-thirds of the world’s inward FDI.The 49 least developed countries account for around 2 percent of the total inward FDI stock of developing countries. Nor is it true that multinational corporations make a consistent practice of operating sweatshops in low-wage countries, with poor working conditions and low wages. While isolated examples of this can surely be uncovered, because multinationals, on average, pay higher wages than what is standard in developing nations, and offer higher labor standards. Globalization is irreversible: In the long run, globalization is likely to be an unrelenting henomenon. But for significant periods of time, its momentum can b e hindered by a variety of factors, ranging from political will to availability of infrastructure. Indeed, the world was thought to be on an irreversible path toward peace and prosperity in the early 20th century, until the outbreak of Word War I. That war, coupled with the Great Depression, and then World War II, dramatically set back global economic integration. That fragility of nearly a century ago still exists today—as we saw in the aftermath of September 11th, when U.S. air travel came to a pause, financial markets shut down, and the economy weakened. These episodes are reminders that a breakdown in globalization—meaning a slowdown in the global flows of goods, services, capital, and people—can have extremely adverse consequences. Openness to globalization will, on its own, deliver economic growth: Integrating with the global economy is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for economic growth.For globalization to be able to work, a country cannot be s addled with problems provincial to many developing countries, from a corrupt political class, to poor infrastructure, and macroeconomic instability. 5 Conclusion As globalization has progressed, living conditions have improved significantly in virtually all countries. However, the strongest gains have been made by the advanced countries and only some of the developing countries. The income gap between high-income and low-income countries has grown wider is a matter for concern.And the number of the world’s citizens in poverty is deeply disturbing. But it is wrong to draw the conclusion that globalization has caused the divergence, or nothing can be done to improve the situation. To the contrary: low-income countries have not been able to integrate with the global economy as quickly as others, partly because of their chosen policies and partly because of factors outside their control. No country can afford to remain isolated from the world economy. Every country should seek to reduce poverty.The international community should endeavor by strengthening the international financial system, through trade, and through aid to help the poorest countries integrate into the world economy, grow more rapidly, and reduce poverty. That is the way to ensure all people in all countries have access to the benefits of globalization.

General Health

Ambulatory – Promotion and assistance with walking to maintain or store autonomic and voluntary body functions during treatment and recovery from illness or injury Braces – An orthopedic appliance used to support, align, or hold a bodily part in the correct position. Canes – Canes or walking canes are just one of several devices available to assist in ambulation, or walking. Using a walking cane improves balance by increasing a person's base of support. When used correctly, canes unload the leg opposite to the cane is in by up to twenty five percent.Carry – To hold or support while walking. Crutches – Is a wooden or metal staff used to aid a patient's mobility impairment or an injury that limits walking ability. Gait – The manner or style of walking. Depends on the person's ability to support their weight and balance. Hydraulic Life – It can help transfer an immobile or obese patient safely from the bed to a chair. Life Sheet – Is a sheet used in the medical industry to lift immobile patients from their bed. It can be made of plastic, rubber, or cotton, and is about half the size of a regular sheet.It supports the body from the upper back to mid thigh during lifting. Mobility- the ability to move or be moved freely and easily. Movement- the act or process of moving people or wings from one place or position to another; the act of moving from one place or position to another. Non-ambulatory- not able to walk about. Orthodontic hypertension- also called postural hypertension; is a form of low blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down.Stretcher litter, or pram IS an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care; a device that is made of a long piece of thick cloth stretched between two poles and that is used for carrying an injured or dead person. Transfer- an act of moving something or someone to another place. Transfer belt- a belt used to transfer a disabled per son from one location to another by placing the belt around that person's waist and using it to hold on to while safely transferring the patient.Walker- a frame that is designed to support someone (such as a baby or an injured or elderly person) who needs help in walking. Weight- a measurement that indicates how heavy a person or thing is. Wheelchair- a chair fitted with wheels for use as a means of transport by a person who is unable to walk as a result of illness, injury, or disability. Safety points or issues when a patient is on: STRETCHER Lock the wheels of the bed and stretcher before the client transfers in or out of them. ; Fasten safety straps across the client on a stretcher, and raise the side rails. Never leave a client unattended on a stretcher unless the wheels are locked and the side rails are raised on both sides and/or the safety straps are securely fastened across the client. ; Always push a stretcher from the end where the client's head is positioned. This positio n protects the client's head in the event of a collision. ; If the stretcher has two swivel wheels and two stationary wheels: a) Always position the client's head at the end tit the stationary wheels and b) Push the stretcher from the end with the stationary wheels.The stretcher is maneuvered more easily when pushed from this end. ; Maneuver the stretcher when entering the elevator so that the clients head goes in first. Wheelchair Ã'Å¡Remember the disabled person will say how to maneuver the chair. Stake note of their wishes to move. Do not shake him. ;Place the chair properly before transporting and always lock brakes. Ã'Å¡Check the position of the arms and legs. May they have sensory disturbances, and in that case, did not realize the blows, wounds, burns, etc. Suspense he dresses, cushions, blankets, etc. Re tight, so you do not get caught in the wheels. C]Do not forget that the disabled person may suffer if mishandled in his wheelchair. Remember that he may have a difficulty in responding to a particular question. Give some time for the patient to respond. Be discreet. Do not ask about the source or cause of disability. The patient may feel upset. DOD not push the wheelchair too fast or turn it suddenly without warning the patient the maneuver. LIDO not forget that the patient can feel ignored or relegated if health care talks to another person that is out of reach or his eight.DOD not lift the chair by the arms, it could cause an accident. C]Consider the other pedestrians when driving the chair. The city, go through traffic signals. Always notify the maneuver. C]Len an uneven terrain, it will be easier to push the chair if tilt by the large wheels. Tilt it always to prevent the patient from falling. Importance of Transfer and Ambulation Transfer and Ambulation is important because it helps patients with restricted mobility attain or maintain mobility and independence. Transfer and ambulation can maintain and improve joint motion, increase strength, and p romote circulation.Frequent transferring can also reduce pressure on skin of bed ridden patients thus avoiding bedsore. Ambulation helps patients that have been through some physical injury or patients that experienced stroke. It helps them regain motion The following benefits shows the importance Of transfer and and stability over affected areas. Ambulation: Maintains and improves joint motion increases strength Promotes circulation Relieves pressure on the skin Improves urinary and respiratory function Increases social activity Increases mental stimulation Indications of Transfer and Ambulation Patient isn't stablePatient has limited mobility and strength Patient is injured Patient is elderly and needs assistance Patient has musculoskeletal impairment patient has been bed ridden Patient is losing muscle endurance, strength, control, or mass. Contraindications of Transfer and Ambulation Patient is stable Patient has enough mobility and strength Patient has not sustained physical in jury patient is not elderly and in need Of assistance Patient is not bed ridden Patient gets enough exercise and movements Patient is not cooperative and prefers not to be helped Basic Guidelines in transferring and ambulating patients .Follow the rules for good body mechanics. 2. Check walking aids frequently to make sure they are in good condition. 3. Always explain the procedure to the patient ahead of time. 4. Make sure all devices are fitted properly to the patient. 5. Make sure all tips Of canes, walkers and crutches are flat on the floor. 6. Make sure the patient is not placing the walker too far from him or her. 7. Do not allow the patient on crutches to support his or her weight on the auxiliary pad. Only on the handle bar. 8. Make sure the patient's non-skid shoes or slippers fit well and in good repair. . Watch signs for patient discomfort or fatigue Factors that affect Transfer and Ambulation ; Age – greatly affects activity, during the infants and toddler period, mobility develops rapidly and is refined and expanded throughout childhood and adolescence and into young adulthood with effects to maximize the attributes. ; Lifestyle – people learn early in life often from the families, the value of activity in relation to health. ; Neuromuscular and skeletal impediments – disease and injuries that affect the neuromuscular or skeletal systems can hinder movement. Nutrition- adequate nutrition supplies vitamins and minerals essential for bone function. ; General Health- the client's general health status is reflected on how the individual moves. Illness, disability, inactivity and chronic fatigue have unfavorable effects on musculoskeletal function. ; Emotions -? the client's emotional state may influence posture and ways of moving about. ; Attitudes and Values – people who are conscious with body mechanics and gait would protect their body structures and posture from injury. Levels of Understanding – understanding the elements of body mechanics would encourage its use. Principles involved in transfer and ambulation ; Body mechanics ; Human anatomy & physiology ; Psychology ; Physics ; Time & energy ; Safety & security Mechanical Devices used in Transferring Patients using Stretcher Transfer belt Hydraulic lift A stretcher, litter, or pram is an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care. A basic type (cot or litter) must be carried by two or more people.Whereas a wheeled stretcher (known as a gurney, trolley, bed or cart) is often equipped with variable height frames containing wheels, tracks, or skids. Stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by EMUS, military, and Search and rescue personnel. However they are also used to hold prisoners during lethal injections in the United States. EMUS stretchers Classification used in ambulances have wheels that makes transportation over pavement easier, and have a lock inside the ambulance and stables to secur e the patient during transport.Simple stretchers are the most rudimentary type. They are light;eight and portable, made of canvas or other synthetic material suspended between two poles or tubular aluminum frame. Many are stored as disaster supplies and are often former military equipment. The folding stretcher, also known as a top deck or collapsible stretcher, is similar in design to the simple stretcher, but features one or more hinged points of articulation to allow the stretcher to be collapsed into a more compact form for easier handling or storage.Some models may even allow the patient to sit upright in a Fowlers or Semi-Fowlers position. The scoop stretcher is used for lifting patients, for instance from the ground onto an ambulance stretcher or long board. The two ends of the stretcher can be detached from each other, splitting the stretcher into two longitudinal halves. To load a patient, one or both ends of the stretcher are detached, the halves placed under the patient f rom either side and fastened back together.

Free Essays on In Memory Of Millions

In Memory of Millions The Holocaust is said to have been â€Å"the worst genocide in history† (â€Å"Holocaust†). Even though the extreme acts of violence were during the Holocaust, discrimination against Jews had started much earlier history. From the violent riots, due to disagreement in religion, to the death camps of the Holocaust, hatred against Jews was slowly rising. The Holocaust was the result of all of this hatred. The Holocaust did not start so intense, but it soon escalated to millions of Jews being murdered. Even with all the obvious evidence of what was happening to the Jews during World War II, there were never many who really tried to stop what was going on. Millions of Jews had to die before anyone decided something had to change. The Holocaust occurred during World War II, which lasted from 1939-1945. By the end of the Holocaust, 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews were dead. Jews were not the only ones being murdered during World War II. Those who did not agree or support what was going on in Germany were also killed. The Nazis even killed Germans who were disabled either physically or mentally, homosexuals, and captured Soviet soldiers (â€Å"Holocaust†). Germans were not the first group to discriminate against Jews though. Many Christians in Europe felt prejudice against Jews. This feeling was also known as anti-Semitism. The Christians prejudice against the Jews all started because of religion. They thought Jews were the ones to blame for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. It was believed by the Christians that Jews were not actual humans. There was a suspicion â€Å"about the magical power of human blood, sorcery, and perversity, giving rise to the blood libel- the false accusation that Jews used the blood of Christian children in their rituals† (â€Å"Holocaust†). All of these rumors started the major anti-Jewish violence. Jews started to have many rules and regulations set for them. Some being that Jew... Free Essays on In Memory Of Millions Free Essays on In Memory Of Millions In Memory of Millions The Holocaust is said to have been â€Å"the worst genocide in history† (â€Å"Holocaust†). Even though the extreme acts of violence were during the Holocaust, discrimination against Jews had started much earlier history. From the violent riots, due to disagreement in religion, to the death camps of the Holocaust, hatred against Jews was slowly rising. The Holocaust was the result of all of this hatred. The Holocaust did not start so intense, but it soon escalated to millions of Jews being murdered. Even with all the obvious evidence of what was happening to the Jews during World War II, there were never many who really tried to stop what was going on. Millions of Jews had to die before anyone decided something had to change. The Holocaust occurred during World War II, which lasted from 1939-1945. By the end of the Holocaust, 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews were dead. Jews were not the only ones being murdered during World War II. Those who did not agree or support what was going on in Germany were also killed. The Nazis even killed Germans who were disabled either physically or mentally, homosexuals, and captured Soviet soldiers (â€Å"Holocaust†). Germans were not the first group to discriminate against Jews though. Many Christians in Europe felt prejudice against Jews. This feeling was also known as anti-Semitism. The Christians prejudice against the Jews all started because of religion. They thought Jews were the ones to blame for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. It was believed by the Christians that Jews were not actual humans. There was a suspicion â€Å"about the magical power of human blood, sorcery, and perversity, giving rise to the blood libel- the false accusation that Jews used the blood of Christian children in their rituals† (â€Å"Holocaust†). All of these rumors started the major anti-Jewish violence. Jews started to have many rules and regulations set for them. Some being that Jew...

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Strategic management - Essay Example GM is utilizing the environmental principles to manage its supply chain, control and regulate the business functions, manufacturing processes and putting the vehicles on road. The principles that drive the policies of the company towards a green future are stated as follows: Reduction of waste: General Motors have recycled about 92 percent of materials in its manufacturing department. The company is reusing 97 percent of its waste so the landfill has reduced considerably. The remaining 3 percent of the waste is converted into energy. So it proves that nothing gets wasted at GM. The intention of General Motors to focus on environment is really appreciating and good. The company decided to invest $ 40 million in offsetting the carbon footprints. This is an initiative of the company to present a strong image to the investors. The stock prices would rise due to its strong position in the market. General Motors commitment towards the environment is twofold. It wants to produce cars that would offer great mileage and also reduce emission (AFED, 2011). By creating vehicles which are eco-friendly, GM would receive support from the government as well as attract eco-friendly buyers. It would also create new customer group for itself. The strategic decision of the company is to support the presidential administration for supporting the economy and also sell more cars which are fuel efficient. In the present scenario when the fuel prices are high, customers would be attracted towards the most fuel efficient

WW2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WW2 - Essay Example With the defeat of the Empire of Japan, Manchuria, together with Taiwan was given back to China. The USSR recognized Chiang, which included Manchuria as it had occupied Manchuria in war. It extended limited aid to Mao and turned over the cities in Manchuria to Chiang (Brands 280). 3. The planners of postwar intended for the division between South Korea and North Korea to be a temporary administration solution. The UN had intended to push for elections in the two countries in 1947 with the hope of re-uniting them to a democratic government. But the Soviet Union blocked this plan and supported Kim IL Sung as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s leader. 4. On the other hand, the United States was in support of Syngman Rhee as the leader of Republic of Korea. Though Kim and Rhee ruled with different ideologies, they both supported the reunification course. Later, the United States and Soviet Union withdrew their forces under the 1949 UN agreement. 5. This left the two sides periodically instigating attacks on each other across the thirty-eighth parallel which had divided the US and Soviet Union troops. This led to formal war in June 1950 when Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, DPRK crossed the line to attack the Republic of Korea, ROK. 6. In September 1950, the US led the UN in regaining South Korea’s lost ground with China reacting to this. At Incheon, close to Seoul, MacArthur’s US troop cut off DPRK army from advancing. This saw the UN forces approach the 38th parallel and liberate Seoul by the end of that month, restoring the previous status quo. By 1951, the territory about central Korea and Seoul had been claimed by different troops as the Communist and UN troops advanced and retreated. 7. With the UN and US troops war to regain South Korea, October 1950 saw the UN troop reaching Yalu River, the border between North Korea and China. Office of the Historian observed that the Chinese

American Literature before the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Literature before the Civil War - Essay Example From the start, however, the New England’s literature was also directed to the learning and instruction of the colonists themselves, planned to direct them in the godly ways (Hodge, 1907). The first work available in the Puritan colonies was the Bay Psalm Book which was done in 1640, and the whole attempt of the divines who wrote heatedly to set forward their views among them was Roger Williams along with Thomas Hooker. This was to defend and encourage visions of the religious state. They set out their dreams in effect the primary formulation of the idea of national fortune in a sequence of emotional histories from Edward Johnsons Wonder-Working Providence to the epic of Cotton Mather Magnalia Christi Americana. Puritan poetry was also offered consistently to the service of God. Michael Wigglesworths Day of Doom (1662) was candidly theological, as well as Anne Bradstreets poems, issued as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650), reflected her own piety (White and Rowlandson, 2009). The best of the Puritan poets, Edward Taylor, whose effort was not available until two centuries following his death, wrote metaphysical rhyme worthy of contrast with that of the English poet George Herbert. American historical literature, in a sense, is a literary face of the pious optimism of the Puritan request. The Puritans had the vision of living under an ideal order and worked with trust as well as courage to building a fresh Garden of Eden (White and Rowlandson, 2009). They therefore tended to view everything with a big quantity of optimism. The Puritans metaphorical style of insight brought American literary symbolism into form. To the devout Puritans, the material world was spiritual, nothing but a sign of God. The world, consequently, was one of numerous meanings. The Puritan style of writing is typically by simplicity. The Puritans have been detested for their severity and

Argument Stance On What Are The Ethical Costs of Modern Health Essay

Argument Stance On What Are The Ethical Costs of Modern Health - Essay Example According to Rottenberg & Winchell, in modern health, pro-life physicians find themselves at crossroads on whether to follow their conscience or adhere to the demands of their career (560-565). It is this fact that leads to one of the ethical issues in modern health. The same case applies to the pro-choice physicians, as Rottenberg & Winchell write, that have to ensure that they give all the information required to the patients, serve the patients accordingly so as to avoid cases of the patients being stigmatized and uninformed regarding the care given to them (560- 565). This brings in the informed consent issue unlike in the previous centuries where the medical practitioners had the final say on the patient’s health status. It is these advancements in modern health that have been the source of conflicts in the hospitals, the medical schools and in the organizations. Yet another factor that leads to ethical concerns in the modern health revolves around the fact that modern health has indeed evolved from two separate concepts of development that touch on bioethics and professionalism. In the modern world, one can easily argue that the medical sector is not governed by professional dominance that involved the activities of the doctors being decided in meetings and conferences. In today’s world, the interest has completely shifted to the interests of the patients; thus, lots of efforts have been put towards ensuring that order exists in the medical profession. As seen in the research conducted by Rottenberg & Winchell, the pro-choice advocates are at pains on whether to directly engage in abortion for fear of breaching the expected regulations especially when the case is an emergency case (564).

The poor in the UK

The poor in the UK Discuss whether the poor in the UK are to blame for their poverty and social exclusion? The purpose of this essay is to discuss the question of whether the poor in the UK are to blame for their poverty and social exclusion. In order to do this, a variety of perspectives will be analysed, in particular looking at political and economic perspectives. We will also consider Levitas approaches in the area of social exclusion, looking at the three models of social discourse, and also a critical examination of Murrays thesis concerning the underclass. Definitions of poverty have traditionally been divided within two subcategories, absolute poverty or relative poverty. Each definition is based on different experiences of poverty. Absolute poverty sees there is a basic need for survival and this is measured objectively and comes in forms of statistics. This is mainly used in government statistics. Relative poverty is different in that it counts on an opinion of people in society. Relative poverty uses the idea of what society or a culture sees as the norm. The earliest attempt to research poverty was by Rowntree, who conducted a study in York, in 1899. Rowntree adopted the measurement of absolute poverty in 1901 based on a minimum weekly income which was thought to be needed to survive. Therefore, a definition of absolute poverty is; Absolute poverty occurs when people fail to receive sufficient resources to support a minimum of physical health and efficiency (2006 dictionary of sociology) p304 This absolute measure was not popular with the government as measuring poverty based on falling below a certain benefit level. When the benefits level increased so did the amount of people living in poverty. This problem was solved when the 1985 conservative government scrapped the Family Low Income Statistics in favour of the Household below Average Income (HBAI). This saw the decrease of poverty in terms of figures because of the change in the way poverty was measured. The term poverty is not mentioned in any of these official government terms, therefore shows that poverty is not acknowledge as a problem to the government. The feminist argument on using this type of measurement is that it uses statistics taken from the household with a male breadwinner. Females appear invisible in these statistics and very much implies that women are dependent upon men. However, there is no suggestion that the male breadwinner equally shares his income with the household. Scott (1994) discusses the strengths and weaknesses of absolute poverty. Firstly the strengths, the measurement of absolute poverty can be used universally across cultures and societies. It can be used to draw up comparisons so Policy makers can use this to assess and distribute the income that is needed to eliminate poverty. These policies can then be taken on by researchers to look at if what is being done and if it is helping to reduce poverty. A Weakness of this measurement is that it is extreme. In todays society it is dominated by consumption and a consumer lifestyle. Some cultures deem it necessary to be able to take part in the consumer society. The goods that can be bought often have several uses other than just to survive, for example a television is not an item of survival, however to function in society the television plays a major part and a sense of unity is formed in neighbourhoods if people can relate to and discuss items featured on television. The absolute measure ignores this social process as it cannot be scientifically measured as it involves some form of opinion. Poverty measurements need much more than just relying on saying how much money is needed to live. Relative poverty can be defined as, comprehensive, should depend as much as possible on independent or external criteria of evaluation, should involve the ordering of a mass of factual data rational, orderly and informative fashion, and should limit, through not conceal, the part played by the value judgement (Townsend 1979:33) This means that it can be measured statistically; however include some form of judgement. This relative measurement would include more than just income and look at consumer society and culture. Townsends, who states individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participation in the activities and they have the living conditions and the amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved in the societies to which they belong. (Townsend, 1979, p.31) This definition covers adequately the link between poverty and social exclusion. Townsends research of relative poverty conducted in 1968-9 could compare people based on the national average. An important result to come out of this research was the deprivation index which stated the 12 items essential for people in society, for example clothing, diet, fuel health and education. In 1985 more items were included such as a persons taste, lifestyle, and economic social factors. Using the measurement of relative poverty does come with strengths and weaknesses. It does acknowledge subjectively and are honest in that some form of opinion is needed. Knowledge of peoples culture can be explored in terms of what their standard of living is. It explores the kinds of feeling some people have that they may be deprived more than others. Weaknesses of this relative measurement is that if fails to acknowledge those people who chose to go without the items stated in the deprivation index. It does not address the issues of real poverty in that those living in absolute poverty do not having enough to survive. Comparisons with other countries are difficult as others still use the absolute measurement and use statistics rather than opinions. Piachaud reviews Townsends deprivation index as a good measurement as it included people that make the lifestyle choices such as being a vegetarian. He claims that not having a fridge for instance is more significant than not having meat. However, this suggests that Townsends index is not as scientific as it claims. (Piachaud 1981) There is not only one kind of poor people but many that are or could fall into poverty at any point in their life. The underclass is a term used to stigmatise people and was used in the 1980s early 1990s. Charles Murray worked on the concept of the underclass and characterised them by three things; illegitimacy, violent crime, and drop out from the labour market by young men (Murray 1990) Murray wrote in 1990 that Britain has a growing population of working-aged, healthy people who live in a different world from other Britons, who are raising their children to live in it, and whose values are now contaminating the life of entire neighbourhoods. (Murray, 1990, p.6) Murray spoke of those who chose not to work, and instead to rely on benefits as a means of survival, as opposed to joining the labour market. In Murrays view, this reliance on benefits was considered as a superior option, not as a last resort. A statement by Murray to describe the underclass using a very simple and stigmatising definition by underclass, I do not mean people who are merely poor, but people at the margins of society, unsocialised and often violent. (Murray 2001). The term Underclass is a way of stigmatising a group and that Margaret Thatcher denied there being absolute poverty as there was no official government definition. Deprivation irresponsible underclass. John Moore secretary state of social security relative poverty was simply another term for inequality he claimed that poverty had disappeared from Britain altogether. (John Moore 1989) Conservative government at the time used the term underclass to categorise and deny there was absolute poverty in Britain. This view of the underclass supports the idea that the poor are to blame for their poverty and inequality than those structural inequalities at the time. With this negative concept the conservatives were set to cut welfare if the underclass did not change their ways. This widened the poverty gap and the conservatives were thought to be irresponsible and didnt address the problem of poverty in society Rather than seeing inequality as potentially damaging to the social fabric, the Thatcher governments saw it as an engine of enterprise, providing incentives for those at the bottom as well as those at the top. (Walker 1997:5) This phenomenon of the underclass tries to address them as and actual class in society being at the other end of the scale such as the upper-class. However, to be compared with as a class it would suggest there are shared values that are unique to the underclass, there are no evidence of this and should not be a class. (Bagguley and Mann 1992). This underclass perspective draws attention away from the actual cause of poverty and tries to set the notion that this class is biological when there is no evidence. Field 1989 viewed the underclass from a structuralist view and supported the view that the underclass did not stem from the individual, but from the ideologies that maintained and shaped inequality. These structural causes were stated as; record post war unemployment, widening class difference, exclusion of rapid widening living standards and public attitudes falling in Thatcher Britain. Direct criticism of Murrays underclass is that it fails to be proven by scientific methods and relies on opinions. The underclass cannot be measured accurately as the group is sometimes made to look huge or small depending on the outcome needed. The underclass perspective can be misleading and not address the real problem that poverty is causing to Britain. (Walker 1990:49) However, many writers were critical of this view, including MacDonald, who asserts that both young people and adults wanted work. They would fail with flying colours the test Murray sets to prove the underclasss existence: offer them jobs at a generous wage for unskilled labour and see what happens. (MacDonald, 1997, p.195) Crompton has been even more dismissal in her criticism of Murrays view, in that much of Murrays caselay in his attempts to demonstrate the individual moral and cultural inferiority of the least well-off members of society. In some ways then, Murrays underclass thesis, can be seen to be elitist and dismissive of those at the bottom end of the social ladder. Byrne (Byrne, 2005, p.1) notes the pejorative nature of the term underclass and the much preferred and more commonly used in the UK term of social exclusion. The term social exclusion was coined in the 1970s following research by French Civil servant, Rene Lenoir, who published The Excluded, which said that as much as 10% of the French population were excluded from mainstream society due to factors like mental illness, poverty and disability (Beland 2007). This definition of a broad category of people who, for a variety of reasons, dont fit into the social mainstream was picked up by New Labour, which created a Social Exclusion Unit when it came to power in 1997. It was based on the idea that Social exclusion is about more than income poverty. It is what can happen when people or areas face a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, discrimination, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown (ODPM, 2004, p. 3). New labour used many terms throughout their time, stakeholder society, communitarianism, third way and social exclusion. (Hindmoor, 2005). They can be accused of only selecting terms that would win elections (Stoker, 2004). The Labour government blamed three main causes for social exclusion: the dislocation caused by the breakdown of industry in Britain in the 1980s, the Conservative indifference to the social consequences of these economic changes and the failure of the welfare system to effectively address the needs of those who were affected by the downfall of coal, steel and other heavy industries (Davies, 2007). Storrey and Childs have commented on the political agenda of the early 1990s, whereby arguments came to a head over Britains high proportion of single-parent families when a government minister claimed that an over-generous state benefit system was encouraging young, single mothers to marry the state and embark on a benefit career. (Storrey Childs, 2002, p.126. These arguments were soon rebutted by organisations such as the Association of Single Parents, but it highlighted the way that discussions on social exclusion and poverty can be seen from a purely political perspective. Of the three models of social discourse to be discussed later, the MUD discourse is seen as largely right wing, while the other two are more centrist or to the left. One recent government minister has emphasised the SID view, claiming that Work is the only way out of poverty the benefit system will never pay of itself (enough to lift people out of poverty) and I dont think it should (Alcock et al., 2008, p.335 ) Social exclusion is seen in the growth of homelessness or urban slums, the declining hopes of the long-term unemployed, the lack of access to jobs and incomes of migrants and some ethnic minorities, the increasingly precarious nature of jobs on offer to new labour market entrants. (Rodgers 1995:43) Ruth Levitas, in her 1998 book, The Inclusive Society: Social Exclusion and New Labour, suggested three models of discourse in terms of how we look at the issue of social exclusion, and how those models are applied in politics in particular to economic and social policy, as well as sociological discourse in general. (Levitas, 1998) RED. This is known as the Redistributionists Discourse. Pierson (2004) observes that those holding this view argue that only through the redistribution of wealth across society as a whole, through taxation, benefits and services, will poverty and inequality be eradicated in Britain. (Pierson, 2004, p.5). This model rejects the idea that attitudes towards work or moral issues are responsible for social exclusion. Some have noted that a vital component in the RED model of social exclusion discourse is the raising of benefits to an adequate standard as one means of eradicating poverty. (Gordon Townsend, 2000, p.359) This model is significantly different from the Moral/Underclass Discourse (MUD) SID. This is known as the Social Integrationist Discourse. This model focuses on the value of importance of work. Paid work is seen as a key factor, with entrance into the labour market as the result, providing income, a boost to the economy, and social inclusion by way of paid employment. Levitas argues that this view differs from RED discourse in that it tends to equate social exclusion with exclusion from the labour market. (Levitas 1998, Pierson, 2004, p.6) MUD. This is known as the Moral/Underclass Discourse. The fundamental argument of the MUD discourse is that individuals or groups, through choices of their own choose a method of social exclusion. Such a method may be a deliberate choice not to try to enter the labour market but instead to rely on benefits solely as a means of income. Gordon Townsend comment that MUD tends to replay recurrent themes about dangerous classesto focus on the consequences of social exclusion for social order, and to emphasise particular groups, such as unemployed and potentially criminal young men, and lone parents, especially young never-married mothers. (Gordon Townsend, 2004, p.360) We see therefore, three discourses with different answers to the question of whether the poor in the UK are to blame for their poverty and social exclusion. The RED discourse would point to the need to redistribute wealth to the poor in order to end their social exclusion. The SID discourse would like social exclusion and unemployment and would link employment to being the key to the end of poverty and social exclusion. The MUD approach would suggest for many poverty, or certainly social exclusion, are a choice that is made and then potentially taught to the next generation. We have examined Levitas three models or approaches to social discourse, and we have critically examined Murrays theory of the underclass in the context of the UK and of these three models. We have come to the conclusion that there are other factors to play in poverty and social exclusion than the choices of the poor in the UK or any blame that may be attached to them, and we have seen the elitist nature of Murrays thesis. Poverty about people social exclusion about structure of society The UK government defines poverty as having an income of 60 per cent or less of the median: using this measure, 13.2 million people in the UK lives in poverty that is 22 per cent of the population. (Oxfam)

parkinsons disease Essay -- essays research papers

Parkinson’s Disease and the protective mechanism of the antioxidant Vitamin E Description and Risks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, slow movements (bradykinesia), and postural instability. It is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by decreased production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Dopamine is responsible for most of the body’s smooth muscle movements. As a result, motor control in Parkinson’s patients is disrupted, causing anything from uncontrollable tremors to muscular stiffness to slow-as-molasses movements. (2) PD affects about 500,000 people in the United States, both men and women, with as many as 50,000 new cases each year. The disease usually begins in a person’s late 50’s and 60’s; it causes a progressive decline in movement control, affecting the ability to control initiation, speed, and the smoothness of motion. The symptoms of PD are seen in up to 15% of those between the ages of 65-74, and almost 30% of those were between the ages of 75-84. (3) Genetic Risks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientist identified two gene abnormalities present in PD patients whose families have a rate of the disease, indicating at least some evidence that the disease is inherited. Both abnormalities cause the body to produce an altered version of alpha synuclein, the protein that shows up in dense masses in the brains of Parkinson’s patients. (3). But in another study in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggested heredity is a significant influence on how fast the disease will onset. Researchers identified 172 twin pairs in which at least one twin had PD. If the condition was hereditary, the rate of both twins having the disease would be lower among fraternal twins, who share some, but not all of the same genes unlike identical twins who share them all. In individuals who were diagnosed after age 50, the rate of twins who both had the disease was similar among fraternal and identical twins. In those diagnosed at 50 or younger, however, the rate wa s significantly lower in fraternal twins than in identical twins (2). Researchers also think that PD has environmental risks such as increase exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, or heavy metals. For example, some studies of people liv... ...one, L., Bagala, A., Napoli, I.D., Caracciolo, M. & Quattnone, A. (2001) Plasma levels of Vitamin E in Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 33:7-12. 6. Miklya, I., Knoll, B. & Knoll, J. (2003) A pharmacological analysis elucidating why, in contrast to (-)- deprenyl (selegiline), alpha-tocopherol was ineffective in the DATATOP Study. Life Sciences 72:2641-2648   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parashevas, G.P., Kapaki, E., Petropoulou, O., Anagnostouli, M., Vagenas, V. & Papageorgiou, L. (2003) Plasma levels of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E are decreased in vascular Parkinsonism. Journal or Neurological Sciences. 215:51-55. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roghani, M. & Behzadi, G., (2001) Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E on the early model of Parkinson’s disease in rat: behavioral and histochemical evidence. Brain Research 892:211-217. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vatassery, G.T., Demaster, E.G., Lai, James C.K., Smith, W.E. & Quach, H.T. (2003) Iron uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats. Biochemical et Biophysical Acta 1688:265-273. .

How Politics is Played Told by One Who Knows the Game Essay

Good politicians get to know a lot of politicians. Lyndon Johnson would take four showers a day and brush his teeth over and over again so he would be in the same room with a bunch of politicians and he could talk to them briefly and make good connections. Lyndon Johnson also hired a man who would later turn corrupt named â€Å"Bobby† Baker who answered phones for the White House cloak room (a cloak room is like the break room for politicians.) With Bobby Baker, Johnson was able to know the inner workings of politics. Ronald Reagan also worked very hard to have good relationships in politics although he talked about Washington as if he’d never visited the place. Lyndon Johnson used a specific method to get to know important people called retail politic. In retail politics, a politician wins over one person at a time by learning about them specifically. Unlike LBJ and Reagan, Jimmy Carter lacked the charsima to win over people. Then Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill asked for seats to the inauguration ceremony, Carter offered him seats in the back of the hall; this incident hurt his support from the Speaker for many years. The author ends this chapter by explaining that he himself got to his position by networking with many important people. Good politicians get to know a lot of politicians. Lyndon Johnson would take four showers a day and brush his teeth over and over again so he would be in the same room with a bunch of politicians and he could talk to them briefly and make good connections. Lyndon Johnson also hired a man who would later turn corrupt named â€Å"Bobby† Baker who answered phones for the White House cloak room (a cloak room is like the break room for politicians.) With Bobby Baker, Johnson was able to know the inner workings of politics. Ronald Reagan also worked very hard to have good relationships in politics although he talked about Washington as if he’d never visited the place. Lyndon Johnson used a specific method to get to know important people called retail politic. In retail politics, a politician wins over one person at a time by learning about them specifically. Unlike LBJ and Reagan, Jimmy Carter lacked the charsima to win over people. Then Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill asked for seats to the inauguration ceremony, Carter offered him  seats in the back of the hall; this incident hurt his support from the Speaker for many years. The author ends this chapter by explaining that he himself got to his position by networking with many important people.

Should Homosexuals Be Allowed to Marry?

Gay marriage is a sensitive topic in America today, mainly because we Americans are split down the middle between supporting it and not supporting it. My main concern, and main reason for supporting gay marriage, has always been â€Å"who is it hurting? † The main reason I hear for not supporting them would be because they cannot reproduce. There are many reasons why gay marriage should or should not be legal and they are different in everyone’s eyes. I believe that gay marriage would follow a utilitarian principle and fall under relativism and even though they cannot have children, gay marriage should be legal because there would be higher adoption rates, it is a civil right, and they are human beings. First, Gay marriage should be legal because there would be higher adoption rates. Craig, Martinez, Kane, and Gainous (2005) quotes â€Å"Support for the civil rights and liberties of homosexuals has risen as well: Most Americans now believe that gays should be permitted to teach in colleges and universities, to serve in the military, and that there should be laws banning discrimination against gays in hiring and firing, while over 40 percent are willing to allow gay and lesbian couples to adopt children. † (p. 5). America is slowly becoming more acceptable of gay and lesbian rights as well as allowing them to adopt and marry in some states. This doesn’t mean that every state in the U. S. is allowing this, and the question is why? People are afraid of the downfall that may occur in our population rates if more gay and lesbian couples are allowed to marry. This though, is not the case. I believe that there would be a spike in adoption rates. If you take into account the fact that there are hundreds probably even thousands of kids out there without having a home, and knowing that heterosexuals couples are more likely to have their own kids instead of adopting, and you will not be okay with our gay and lesbian community to marry and adopt those kids in need, is beyond me. Brian, part of a Films Media Group, film (2005) talks about his two fathers, he says â€Å"Everything I hoped for came true when Murray and Peter became my parents. I love them, I loved them for making my lunches each day as I left for school, and I loved them for caring about my thoughts and ideas. I loved them for making me feel special. † (Marriage for Homosexual Parents). This is not the only person who would testify that their parents (whether gay or straight) are not only loving but supportive of everything they do. A parent is a parent, no matter if it is a man and woman, man and man, or woman and woman. They go through same things that everyone would go through. The terrible twos, the potty training, waking up at all hours of the night, this list could go on and on but, because homosexuals are with someone of the same sex, they are now unfit to be parents. How this makes anyone an unfit parent, is beyond me. Parenting is about loving and supporting your child, no matter what the situation is. Gay and Lesbian parents are also going to be more supportive if their child ends up being gay or lesbian whereas straight couples are more likely to be disappointed or upset with their children. Arguably, it is safe to say that the more accepting we, as Americans, become of our gay and lesbian couples, and their adopting children, the less homeless kids, and the happier people we will have! Additionally, it is their civil right. I do not see how it is right that heterosexual couples have every right that Americans should have whereas homosexual couples are limited on their civil rights, regardless that they are Americans, because they date someone of the same sex. How can we as people and the government as well, truly deny a United States citizen their civil rights, which they were born into? Honestly, that is an outrage, and I for one am not okay with the fact that we can simply deny someone rights. I am sure that any other United States citizen wouldn’t be okay with their rights being taken away from them, so what gives us the right to take them away from anybody else? Maybe we should take everyone else’s rights away to marry and see if they think that this is acceptable to do. Yes, marriage may be just a piece of paper, but we are truly denying someone that paper that would make them the happiest person alive? Ferguson (2007) quotes â€Å"So, one common argument for gay marriage is that government denial of the legal right to gay marriage deprives gays and lesbians of access to the social sanction and status that marriage confers, and hence to full adulthood, rights to familial or joint property and inheritance rights, and full citizenship† (p. 40). How is it right that they are denied the right to marry just because of who they chose to be with? One of my favorite sayings (I actually heard at a gay pride festival in Ohio) came from a couple, they said â€Å"Why do we not get the choice to marry? Shouldn’t everyone have a choice to be miserable for the rest of their lives with the one person who actually makes them a little bit happier? † Honestly, it is so true; there are gay and lesbian couples who have been together for 30+ years who do not get the option to get married to their lifetime partner, where straight couples get married for a couple of years just to divorce and re marry again. I am not saying that all United States citizens do this, but our divorce rates have spiked recently, meaning that more and more people are divorcing. I do believe if we allowed gay and lesbian couples the right to marry, the divorce rates would drop instead of increasing each year. Ferguson (2007) also quotes â€Å"Refusing the right to gay marriage because of the so-called sanctity of marriage, a religious concept, would seem to deprive the sexual minority of the freedom to be free to marry if they choose a lifestyle not sanctioned by many religious denominations, and hence imposes the religious view that marriage should be a heterosexual privilege. † (p. 40). People are also against same sex marriage due to their religious views. There are so many different religions in the United States, and many of those support their people in whatever choice they decide to make but because we are a predominately Christian country, we are forced to follow their rules. I do not see how someone’s religion can make a choice concerning someone else’s life and what they chose to do with it. These two quotes made by Ferguson explain perfectly why the government is denying same sex marriage; it is completely unconstitutional that they are denying gay and lesbian couples of their constitutional rights to marry. Another reason that gay marriage should be legal is that they are human beings. If I am thinking correctly, many people were born here in the United States, and would be considered Americans, but since they chose to like someone of the same sex then they are instantly treated like aliens. I, myself, am straight and therefore get treated like every other person would. I have many gay and lesbian friends, and when we are out in public, you can see the difference on how they get treated and looked at versus myself. It sickens me to think that people how there can be so rude and inconsiderate of another person. Kurdek (2004) quotes â€Å"As one indication of the importance of identifying oneself as part of a couple, some gay and lesbian citizens of the United States are currently arguing that they, just like heterosexual citizens, are entitled to the privileges associated with having their relationships, legalized as marriages. † (p. 880). Our gay and lesbian couples are considering themselves citizens, but without all the benefits that citizens receive. I don’t understand why we cannot treat them with the same respect that we treat anyone else. There is no need to punish them for who they are dating. It is a matter of privacy as well. We do not concern ourselves with who straight couples are dating/living with, why do we need to invade others privacy just because they are with someone of the same sex. Everyone has the right to be happy, to have a job, and to get married. Homosexual couples, who are legal citizens of the United States, are getting treated like they are aliens because of their sexual orientation. How is it that we can treat heterosexuals with the upmost respect that they deserve then turn right around and treat homosexuals like trash? I do not see how that is fair or correct at all and knowing that we as Americans do not have enough respect for other individuals. A few reasons that people do not support gay marriage would be that their religion is strongly against marriage of homosexuals or the fact that homosexuals cannot reproduce children of their own. Many people truly believe that because the bible says it is wrong to be with someone of the same sex, that our gay and lesbian couples are sinning. It is also true though that Jesus said he loves everyone, and will forgive every one of their sins. I personally do not believe that homosexuals are sinning because of who they date, but there are many people out there that do. We must remember that when Jesus was living things were a lot less complex than they are in today’s time. I believe if things had been what they are now, back then, that he would be accepting of any child, no matter what person they decide to be with. People are also against same sex marriage due to the fact that gay and lesbian couples cannot reproduce children of their own. They believe that since they are not able to reproduce any children of their own, that they would be an unfit couple, and we wouldn’t have as much youth to keep our country going. This to me is not true though. There are many people who are willing to surrogate, adopt, or even go to a sperm donor to reproduce children of their own. Just because the kids would not have a â€Å"father or mother† figure in their lives does not mean that they cannot reproduce. So many kids need adopted that you would think it would be a great idea to let our homosexual couples adopt them! But, these reasons alone are what turn so many people against gay marriage. People let their religion and their beliefs get in the way to see that it is about happiness and a lifetime commitment not about religion or kids. Utilitarian Principles basically means choices, which to me would fit perfectly with our gay and lesbian couples, in a way that they would benefit from it. Mosser (2010) defines utilitarianism as a â€Å"given set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice. † (p. 1. ). To me, a utilitarian believes that we should base our results on the greater good, and what would produce the greatest outcome and affect very few people by the outcome produced. I do not see how letting our gay and lesbian couples marry would truly affect anyone else. When a heterosexual couple gets married, that decision is theirs and theirs alone. No one is affected by this decision, minus the families of cour se, and no one seems to care that they are going to pursue a life of happiness together. How would this be any different from our homosexual couples? The only parties that would truly be affected by this decision would be the couple themselves, and their families and friends. It is truly no one else’s business on what they do and how they spend their lives, but somehow we have managed to make it our business. Americans have gotten so worked up over gay marriage, and for what, a piece of paper that says two people are committed to each other? I do not understand why we have the right to deny someone that. To me, utilitarianism would be the perfect resolution for our homosexual couples, and their right to marry whoever they please. Finally, I feel that relativism is a great way to explain the individuals in a gay or lesbian relationship. Mosser (2010) defines relativism as â€Å"the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values. † (p. 1. 8). What relativism means to me is that each individual’s beliefs and values are going to be honored. As you can see, our homosexual couples are getting their beliefs and values thrown to the curb and for what reason? I think that people are afraid of what could happen, which is why they are extremely against it, and why our gay and lesbian couples beliefs and values get thrown aside like they never existed. People believe that homosexual couples should not have the same rights as us and that they do not share our beliefs and values. To me, I believe that these people, who think that, are the ones that do not have the same beliefs and values. Everyone has the right to be happy, to have a job, and to get married. How is it that because you like someone of the same sex, that your values and beliefs automatically don’t matter? Relativism would play a perfect role in a gay and lesbian couple’s life, as if people followed the definition or relativism, then everyone would live a happy, peaceful life. All in all homosexual couples have been getting bullied since they first came out. You would think that people would finally start calming down and realizing that they are people who, just like me and you, fall in love with someone and want to spend the rest of their lives with them. It’s sad to know that if one of them gets sick or injured and is admitted to the hospital that their lifetime partner would not be allowed in the room because they are not related to them, even though they may have been together for years. They get no benefits that a regularly married couple would get and get looked down upon society, some even losing their jobs over it. We are treating human beings like animals because they fell in love with someone of the opposite sex. People always say that you cannot help who you fall in love with, but apparently they are only talking about heterosexual couples and believe that homosexuals have a choice and that they have made a wrong one. Friends and family of mine, who are gay, have had the roughest life with all the hatred that they have received. My best friend lost his job due to the fact that he came out as being gay. I do not understand how someone can get fired over their sexual orientation. He has received multiple messages online telling him how horrible he was and that Jesus hates him. There are people out there who actually do this, send hate mail to people over their sexual orientation. It is high time that people take a step back and realize that it is time to get over their hate and fear of our homosexual community and come together as one. If this happened, in my opinion, the world would become just a little bit better and maybe all of these hate crimes would stop and people would all get treated with the respect that they deserve to get. Until then I am going to continue standing my ground, in my supports of gay marriage and equality for all! In conclusion, even though gay and lesbian couples may not be able to have hildren of their own, marriage between the couples should be legalized because more children would be adopted, it is their constitutional right as a United States citizen, and they are human beings just like you and me. I also feel that this topic would fall under utilitarianism as well as relativism as these two topics would give our gay and lesbian couples the right to be happy and marry their loved one, just like we do now! Just imagine having a child of your own, and they ended up being gay or lesbian. They would go their whole lives with nothing but hatred from everyone, and is that really how you would want your child to live? References Craig, S., Martinez, M., Kane, J., Gainous, J. (2005). Core Values, Value Conflict, and Citizens’ Ambivalence about Gay Rights. Political Research Quarterly. 58(1), 5-17. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3595591/ Ferguson, A. (2007). Gay Marriage: An American and Feminist Dilemma. Hypatia. 22(1), 39-57. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4640043/ Films Media Group. (2005). Why thee wed? Gay perspectives on same-sex marriage [H.264]. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=18596&xtid=35615. Kurdek, L. (2004). Are Gay and Lesbian Cohabiting Couples Really Different from Heterosexual Married Couples? Journal of Marriage and Family. 66(4), 880-900. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600164 Mosser, K. (2010). Ethics & Social Responsibility. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education